History Syllabus: Fourth Chapter, Class XI
4. Nature of the state and its Apparatus
4.1 Nature of the state: The ideal prototype.
- Indian context : Kautilya, The Arthashastra and State craft; Ziauddin Barani, Fatawa-i-jahandari and the Nature of the state under the Delhi Sultans. 
- European context : Cicero and the Roman word; Thomas Cromwell and the new Monarchy; Intellectual underpinnings of the early modern state 
4.2. Apparatus of Governance :
- Persia : Satraps 
- China : Mandarins 
- Delhi Sultanate : Iqtadars 
- Mughal : Mansabadars 
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